Weather Overview

Turkey has seven climatic regions. İstanbul is situated in the Marmara region, which includes eastern Thrace and Edirne. It's a countryside of rolling steppeland and low hills with an average yearly rainfall of 668mm (26.3in). Rainfall is highest (between 80mm/3.1in and 100mm/3.9in per month) from November to February; July and August have the least rainfall. Humidity follows the same pattern, with the lowest humidity (under 30%) in July, August and September, and the highest (over 60%) - a bone-chilling damp - in December and January.

Temperatures in July and August peak at around 30°C (86°F), with lows around 20°C (68°F). In December and January, temperatures fall as low as 2°C (36°F) and even below: bring a carrot for Frosty. Daily highs reach about 9°C (48°F). April, May, September and October are the best times to visit, with daytime highs usually around 16°C to 25°C (61°F to 77°F), and lows from around 9°C to 18°C (48°F to 64°F).

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Golf

Istanbul isn't known for its golfing facilities, but there are a few courses nearby if you're keen.

Swimming (outdoor)

The best swimming options are a day trip to Kilyos or Sile, or the closer Adalar (Princes' Islands).

Gym

For indoor pool and gym facilities, a hotel is your best bet; private places are too pricey.

Board games

Turks have perfected the art of socialising, and game playing is an important ingredient. Any tea garden should be able to come up with a backgammon board for free if you ask, though if you want to play billiards or bowling you'll need to head to Beyoğlu.

Relaxation

For a quintessential Turkish experience don't forget to try one of the many hamams (Turkish steam baths) to purge your pores.

Events Overview

Turkey's Holy Month, Ramazan, sees much of the city's population fasting during daylight hours, although most restaurants and cafes remain open for those choosing not to participate and for non-Muslims. The festival of Şeker Bayramı marks the end of Ramazan and is when the inhabitants of İstanbul embark on a frenzy of socialising, with an emphasis on the sweet tooth. It's one of the city's busiest times; a three-day national holiday when businesses close and public transport is heavily patronised.

An equally busy time for İstanbul is during Kurban Bayramı, Turkey's most important religious holiday. The four-day festival celebrates the almost-sacrifice of Isaac by his father Abraham on Mount Moriah and results in hotels being heavily booked and a dearth of space on public transport.

As the lunar Hejira year is about 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year, Muslim events happen 11 days earlier each year.

Other special events include the İstanbul Film Festival in April, May's Conquest of Constantinople celebrations, June/July's International İstanbul Music Festival and International İstanbul Jazz Festival and September/October's International İstanbul Biennial.

 

Transportation

İstanbul's Atatürk Airport is Turkey's largest and busiest. Any number of popular regular services from the Middle East, the USA, Australia and Europe land here. Although the city's major airline, İstanbul Airlines, went bust, the main domestic carrier, Turkish Airlines (THY), has regular flights to major European and Asian cities. Another smaller airport, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, some 50km east of the Old City on the Asian side, is becoming increasingly popular with cheap airlines. The price of your air ticket will usually cover the airport departure tax.

Atatürk Airport is 23km (14mi) west of Sultanahmet. A taxi into the city centre is the quickest option; it takes around half an hour. A cheaper option is to catch the LRT (Light Rail Transit) from the airport to Zeytinburnu, from where you connect with the tram that takes you directly to Sultanahmet. Another cheap option is to take an airport bus, which costs around EUR4.5 and takes 35-60 minutes to get to Taksim Square. If you are heading for Sultanahmet, get out at the Yenikapı stop beneath the underpass.

A number of local bus companies service other European destinations, but these services are slower and often more expensive than the equivalent flights. Within Turkey, bus is the most widespread and popular way of getting around; they go literally everywhere, all the time. The main bus station, the otogar, is a town in itself, with 168 ticket offices, restaurants, mosques and shops. Buses leave here for domestic and international routes. There's also a bus station on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus at Harem. Currently train is the least preferred option for international visitors travelling to Turkey, as the services are generally slower, but it's becoming increasingly popular for those with time to burn and a love for a journey. The main station is Sirkeci, and there's also Haydarpaşa station on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus.

Driving through Turkey is becoming more popular too. You can bring a car over on a ferry from Italy or Greece; however, you'll find yourself docking in İzmir or Çeşme rather than İstanbul. Car and passenger ferries operate fairly regularly around the Turkish coastline - book your trip well in advance, as they're popular

 

There is only one city in the world that spans two continents. The true merging of east and west, ?stanbul stretches across both Europe and Asia. The continents are separated only by a thin strip of water, the Bosphorus. To stand at the edge of one continent and look at the other provides a thrill even greater than straddling the Prime Meridian and being in two different hemispheres.  The Bosphorus The Bosphorus itself is one of the highlights of this fascinating city. Joining the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, the strait experiences heavy traffic and is unfortunately quite polluted. Hordes of jellyfish call the Bosphorus home, and it is not unusual for the water to be white from the sheer amount of them. Although swimming is no longer possible, walking alongside the deep blue water and people watching gives you a good sense of what Istanbul is all about. Fisherman stand at water’s edge with buckets of strong smelling catches, flipping their hooks and lines every which way. Couples lounge on wooden benches, sipping Ayran – a national yogurt drink. The sun warms your face, and the city warms your soul. Taksim The liveliest part of Istanbul is definitely Taksim. This modern, commercial district is always overcrowded; even at 1:00 a.m. you will find yourself plodding through swarms of people on Istiklal Caddesi. Taksim is a social place, it’s where the nightlife is, where the restaurants are and where the designer shops are located. Taksim square is home to Atatürk Cultural Center and national and international shows are held here year round. At the opposite end of Taksim Square stands an impressive statue of Atatürk, Turkey’s national hero. Responsible for the westernization and democratization of Turkey, the memory of Atatürk is sacred to the majority of Turks. He was responsible for much of the country’s growth and progress during the early 1900’s.  Sultanahmet Because of its strategic position, Istanbul boasts a varied and interesting history. The majority of Istanbul’s notable sights are located in Sultanahmet – an area of the city that sits on a promontory known as the Golden Horn. One of the most famous attractions is the impressive Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia). This Church of the Divine Wisdom was created by Justinian the Great in 537AD, and declared a mosque by Mehmet II in the 1400’s.

Out on the Bosphorus   Takism

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Aya Sofya

Colored a light shade of crimson, almost pink, the Aya Sofya is breathtaking at sunset. The descending sun casts a warm glow on the distinctive color, enhancing the shade of the ancient stone. A massive unsupported dome tops the church, making it a work of architectural genius.  Four minarets have been added at various times throughout history and there were several disagreements over which faith the church/mosque belonged to, until Atatürk declared it a museum in 1935.

Inside, the dome is painted yellow and covered with intricate designs. Huge wooden circles scripted with Islamic hang from the ceiling. Some of the old crosses have been chipped away, but otherwise the church has been left mostly as it was. The mosaics, paintings and tiles inside are so detailed and colorful that it seems impossible that some of them are over a thousand years old. Enormous chandeliers are suspended from the dome and huge stained glass windows permit sunlight to stream in.
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The Blue Mosque

The Blue Mosque Across from the Aya Sofya sits a more recent masterpiece – the Blue Mosque (Sultanahmet Camii). Construction started on the mosque in 1606 – more than 1000 years after Aya Sofya was built. Its immense size is awe-inspiring alone.  A series of smaller black-topped domes lead up to the crowning dome, which, unlike Aya Sofya’s, is supported on the inside by four gigantic pillars. Six minarets surround the mosque and when the call to prayer is heard, it echoes over all of Sultanahmet. Nearing the mosque’s worshippers’ entrance, you will see a row of water fountains with stone blocks as chairs. Men sit performing ablutions, washing their hands, feet and face before entering to pray. A separate entrance for visitors is located at the back of the mosque, and the removal of shoes is required before you can enter this place of worship. Head scarves are available for the women, and covering your head is considered a sign of respect. A necessary, but involuntary hush falls over the visitors as they enter ?stanbul’s most famous mosque. The enormous interior is decorated with countless startlingly blue iznik tiles, which give the mosque its colorful name. Stained glass windows provide a break in the ongoing maze of blue. Lush, wool carpets cushion your step and gigantic chandeliers hang so low that some individuals almost have to duck.

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The actual worship area is roped off to prevent the tourists from disturbing those at prayer. It is still possible to see the elaborate mafil or chair from which the imam, or prayer leader gives the sermon on Fridays.

Topkapi Palace

One of Sultanahmet’s highlights is Topkapi Palace; home to Ottoman Sultans for 400 years. The last Sultan to occupy the palace was Mahmut II, who lived there until 1839. The great palace consists of four courts, and each court permitted only people of a certain standing to enter. The inner courts were the most secluded and fewer people were allowed access.

Entering the palace is done through the Court of Processions, behind Aya Sofya. This court was open to all and beautiful gardens line the path leading to the Second Court and the Middle Gate. Resembling the entrance of a medieval castle, the Middle Gate is built of graying white stone with a turret on either side. Gold Arabic writing above the huge black door reminds you of the history associated with the palace. 

The Second Court, open only to people on Imperial business, includes the palace kitchens, which now contain an impressive collection of Chinese porcelain. The Divan Salonu, or Imperial Council Chamber is also located in the Second Court. The gate to this room is astounding – ornate gold lattice covers windows and a glass door, alluding to the room’s importance. Inside, long red sofas provided a place for the councilmen to sit, while the Sultan looked on from a separate room behind a grill high up on the wall.

The Third Court was even more secluded and open only to the Imperial Family, palace staff and other important people. The Treasury is located inside the Third Court, and although you must pay extra to enter, it’s definitely worth a trip – if only to see the Spoonmaker’s Diamond. This 86 carat monstrosity is the world’s fifth largest diamond.
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Included in the palace entrance ticket are the Seferli Koiuiu - rooms which house the robes, kaftans and uniforms of the imperial family. The size of the kaftans gives you a pretty good idea of how large the Sultans were. The most sacred of all rooms in the Third Court are the Mukaddes Emanetler Dairesi. Holy Muslim relics are kept here and include sandals worn by Mohammed, impressions of his feet, dust collected from his tomb, and even hairs from his beard.  The Harem is probably the most amazing and interesting part of the palace, and by far the most elaborate. As this was the private quarters of the Sultan and his family, the rooms are ornately decorated and the tiles on the walls easily rival that of the Blue Mosque. Only a small percentage of the Harem’s 300 rooms are open to the public, and are only accessible by guided tour. Unfortunately, the tour takes only thirty minutes, when you could easily spend hours wandering through the clandestine area.  Many people perceive the Harem as more of a brothel than a family residence. In fact, it was closer to a breeding ground than anything else. The word Harem is derived from an Arabic word meaning, “the thing or person that is forbidden”, and refers to the living quarters of the Sultan and his family, not just the women.

Topkapi Palace

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The concubines were mostly foreigners, and were brought to the Harem at an early age where they were schooled in many areas, including Islam, Turkish, music, embroidery and dress. There could be anywhere from 300-800 women in the Harem at one time, and they would have led completely different lives depending on where they fit into the hierarchy.

The most powerful woman in the Harem was the Dowager Sultan, the mother of the current Sultan. She often took part in the running of the palace and political matters, as she would have been raised in the palace as a concubine and thus, sometimes, knew more than her ruling son. The Sultan could take up to four Wives (though some had up to eight) and they were the second most powerful women in the Harem. The Blissfuls - women who had born a child of the Sultan - numbered from six to eight and were the second most powerful women after the Wives. All Blissfuls started out as Favorites - special concubines that had been chosen for the Sultan and with whom he would have sexual relations. There could be between four to ten Favorites, and occasionally the Sultan would choose one himself. The Wives, The Blissfuls and The Favorites all had special apartments separate from the other concubines.

Other ladies of the Harem would have to stop and bow their heads when the Sultan went by, and weren’t allowed in the inner, more private part of the Harem. The majority of concubines were just plain old servants and had little or no contact with the Sultan.

Eunuchs were also a key component of the Harem, although they were likely never allowed inside. Their main jobs were to guard the Harem, do minor chores such as lock and unlock the gates, and accompany the women on trips outside of the palace. There were usually around 100 Eunuchs, the majority of whom were black men who had been castrated outside the palace grounds.
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Inside the Harem at the Topkapi Palace

Very little information on life in the Harem is available, as it was such a private place and any woman who left was forbidden to talk about their experience as a concubine. Things changed slightly from Sultan to Sultan, but the hierarchy within the Harem remained much the same.  Most tours take you to the hamam, or Turkish bath, which has a surprising amount of gold decorations. The Sultan bathed in a special area partitioned off by a gold cage. This was because while bathing, he would have been quite vulnerable and unable to protect himself, so he bathed behind the gates for his own safety.  The rooms where the princes were schooled are also included in the tour. Iznik tiles cover the walls and gold bars turn the windows into cages. Low sofas and cushions created a relaxed classroom. The Sultan’s private room, also covered in colorful tiles, has a large water fountain that served two purposes - making noise to cover any classified words said by the Sultan in his chambers, and cooling the room during hot weather. A massive, beautifully decorated hall near the Sultan’s rooms was used for entertainment. A huge covered seating area was reserved for the Sultan, and from here he would watch various dancers, musicians, and poets.

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The chambers of the Dowager Sultan would are richly decorated with the same incredible tiles found in the rest of the Harem. The size and the grandiosity of the rooms emphasized her power and importance.

The last portion of the tour is a walk down a fairly plain looking hallway called the “Golden Way”. It is said that the concubines would wait here for the Sultan on special days, when he would walk down the corridor tossing coins at the girls.

The Fourth and final Court, again only for family, is often referred to as gardens as it occupies a natural and spacious area. From here you have an incredible view of both the Bosphorus and the rest of Sultanahmet, with its multitude of mosques and minarets piercing the skyline. One wall of an open building is covered with bright Iznik tiles, an accumulation of pure color and artistry. Walking among the gardens and colorfully decorated walls give you a sense of what it might have been like to be royalty in the days of the Sultans.
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Dolmabahçe Palace Dolmabahçe Palace was built to replace Topkapi when the 19th century Sultans desired to be more European. The result is a palace that is both European and Oriental, and extremely lavish and extravagant. The massive white gates look like thick, metal lace and are protected by guards dressed in a green suits, white hats and boots. Passing through the entrance brings you to a fountain surrounded by colorful flowers and trees, and the Bosphorus is right at your fingertips. Like Topkapi, Dolmabahçe has a Harem, and again, guided tours are compulsory. Dolmabahçe has a much more modern feel; there are paintings on the walls instead of tiles, carpet instead of stone floors, and regular furniture such as sofas, armchairs and tables.  Some of the sofas are covered with Oriental silk and outlined with gold decorations, and the hardwood floors are adorned with Turkish carpets. Several ceremonial halls contain enormous chandeliers, columns and intricately decorated walls. Like Topkapi, there are special rooms for the Sultan’s Mother, the Concubines and the Wives.  Atatürk spent part of his life living in Dolmabahçe, and one of the highlights of a visit to the Harem is seeing the room in which he died. The bed where he took his last breath is covered with a bedspread bearing the Turkish flag, and a clock on the bedside table is stopped at 9:05 a.m., the time of his death on November 10th, 1938.

Dolmabahçe Palace

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The other main structure of Dolmabahçe is the Ceremonial Suites, the portion of the palace where the governing and business took place. The extravagance of this building is overwhelming as every inch is luxuriously decorated. Huge, airy, and filled with gifts from other countries and dignitaries, it is a museum of treasures.

A dazzling staircase with a crystal balustrade leads to marble columns, Sevres vases and soft carpets in a huge hall. The final room of the tour, the throne room, is perhaps the most breathtaking. A chandelier that weighs more than 4000 kg hangs from the ceiling, but this isn’t even the most awe inducing sight in the room. The ceiling is painted in a manner that rivals the Sistine Chapel. An upper level is painted to look as if marble arches extend out onto a balcony, but in reality is just a three dimensional painting on a flat wall.

The ground level of this huge room has half domes built into the wall, flanked by more columns. Thick velvet curtains cover the windows and the area beneath the chandelier is roped off. This room is still sometimes used for special ceremonies or meetings.